Integral membrane proteins are believed to comprise ~30% of all cell proteins, and serve essential roles in cellular function as gates, pumps, receptors, energy transducers, and enzymes. They retain stable, compact structures within the lipid bilayer, while undergoing rapid lateral diffusion. Despite considerable understanding of the stability and functions of membrane proteins, a more complex and fundamental question persists: What are the molecular mechanisms for the folding, insertion and assembly of integral membrane proteins that give rise to unique, functional structures?

       Elucidating the nature of membrane protein folding would have important impacts in chemistry and biology. Foremost, understanding protein assembly in lipid bilayers would contribute to the growing wealth of knowledge of folding pathways for soluble proteins and similarly encourage theoretical explorations of membrane protein folding. In addition, a more rigorous grasp of noncovalent lipid-protein interactions may be achieved through the study of membrane proteins. The fields of pathology and medicine would greatly benefit as well. Numerous channel-forming bacterial proteins, such as the Staphylococcus aureus &alpha-hemolysis protein and the anthrax toxin protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis transform from a benign water-soluble state to a toxic membrane-bound form. Cell invasion by viruses, such as the influenza virus hemagglutinin, also involves peptide insertion into a membrane. Membrane proteins may undergo aberrant folding or assembly to give rise to numerous common diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetes. Despite the ubiquity and continuously growing library of membrane proteins, there is a dearth of fundamental knowledge of the folding and assembly of these proteins. The aim of our research is to probe molecular mechanisms for membrane protein folding and aggregation with focus on: (1) evolution of secondary structures and aromatic amino acid hydrogen bonding states; (2) changes in local protein solvent environment; and (3) micro- and macroscopic factors that induce protein misfolding and aggregation. The tools utilized for these studies include steady-state and time-resolved resonance emission spectroscopy (fluorescence, phosphorescence, and UV resonance Raman).